Conventional catalytic hydrodesulfurization involves high costs, largely due to heavy metal deactivation of the catalysts. A potentially lower-cost treatment is a microbiological or enzymatic desulfurization. Recent advances at the Energy {ampersand} Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota have improved our understanding of sulfur-specific microbial desulfurization pathways in Rhodococcus bacteria (1, 2), but further work is needed to develop a technology based on biodesulfurization.