"The Bureau of Mines studied single-step catalytic vapor-phase hydrogenation of oils derived from coal and oil shale. Treatment of middle oil, from hydrogenation of bituminous coal, gave good yields of gasoline with a German-made molybdenum-zinc-chromium catalyst. The Bureau also achieved good results with duplicates of this catalyst made from domestic raw materials. In one set of experiments with the German catalyst, 38 to 52 wt pct of feed was converted to gasoline. The total liquid product was 91 to 98 wt pct of the feed. Not all this gasoline can be claimed as production, however, because about 20 pct of the feed was in the gasoline range, and part of it undoubtedly survived the hydrocracking treatment. Hydrogenation of crude shale oil in the presence of cobalt molybdate catalyst produced a total liquid product of 89 wt pct of feed. The hydrogenation converted 27 wt pct of feed to gasoline and 44 wt pct of feed to diesel fuel . The remaining liquid product, 18 wt pct of feed, was residue boiling above diesel fuel. The gasoline was of poor quality, with an octane number of 39.1. The overall product seemed a suitable feed stock for a conventional refining operation. Coker distillate hydrogenation, using a cobalt molybdate catalyst, gave a total liquid product of 97 vol. pct of feed; of this product 60 vol. pct was jet fuel and 40 vol. pct was diesel fuel. High nitrogen and sulfur in all three of these raw materials severely poison the usual refining catalysts. Thus, the common objective in these studies was application of poison-resistant catalysts to the problem of reducing nitrogen and sulfur to tolerable levels. Cobalt molybdate was a particularly effective catalyst for sulfur removal."